Photo by Tabea Damm on Unsplash

Creating an effective data strategy is not as simple as hiring a few data scientists and data engineers and purchasing a tableau license. Nor is it just about using data to make decisions.

Creating an effective data strategy is about creating an ecosystem where getting to the right data, metrics and resources is easy. It’s about developing a culture that learns to question data, and look at a business problem from multiple angles before making the final conclusion.

Our data consulting team has worked with companies from billion dollar tech companies, to healthcare and just about every type of company in between. We have seen the good, the bad and the ugly of data being utilized for strategy. We wanted to share some of the simple changes that can help improve your companies approach to data.

Find A Balance Between Centralized And Decentralized Practices

Standards and over-centralization inevitably slow teams down. Making small changes to tables, databases and schemas might be forced to go through some overly complex process that keep teams from being productive.
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On the other hand, centralization can make it easier to implement new changes in strategy without having to go to each team and then force them to take on a new process.

In our opinion, one of the largest advantages companies can gain is developing tools and strategies that help find a happy medium between centralized and decentralized. This usually involves creating standards to simplify development decisions while improving the ability to manage common tasks that every data team needs to perform like documentation and data visualization. While at the same time decentralizing decisions that are often department and domain specific.

Here are some examples where there are opportunities to provide standardized tools and processes for unstandardized topics.

​Creating UDFs and Libraries For Similar Metrics
​After working in several industries including healthcare, banking and marketing one thing you realize is that many teams are using the same metrics.

This could be across industries or at the very least across internal teams. The problem is every team will inevitably create different methods for calculating the exact same number.

This can lead to duplicate work, code and executives making conflicting decisions because of top-line metrics that vary.

Instead of relying on each team to be responsible for creating a process to calculate the various metrics you could create centralized libraries that uses the same fields to calculate the correct metrics. This standardizes the process while still providing enough flexibility for end-users to develop their reports based off their specific needs.

This only works if the metrics are used consistently. For example in the healthcare industry metrics such as per patient per month costs (PMPM), readmission rates, or bed turn over rates are used consistently. These sometimes are calculated by EMR like EPIC, but might still be calculated by analysts again for more specific cases. It also might be calculated by external consultants.

Creating functions or libraries that do this work easily can help improve consistency and save time. Instead having each team develop their own method you can simply provide a framework that makes it easy to implement the same metrics.

Automate Mundane But Necessary Tasks

Creating an effective data strategy is about making the usage and management of data easy.
A part of this process requires taking mundane tasks that all data teams need to do and automating them.

An example of this is creating documentation. Documentation is an important factor in helping analysts understand the tables and processes they are working with. Having good documentation allows for analysts to perform better analysis. However, documentation is often put off until the last minute or never done at all.

Instead of forcing engineers to document every new table, a great idea is creating a system that automatically scrapes the available databases on a regular interval and keeps track of what tables exist, who created them, what columns they have, and if they have relationships to other tables.
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This would be a project for the devops team to take on, or you could also look into a third party system such as dbForge documentation for SQL Server. Now this doesn’t cover everything, and this tool in particular only works for SQL Server. But a similar tool can help simplify a lot of peoples lives.
Teams will still need to describe what the table and columns are. But, the initial work of actually going through and setting up the basic information can all be automatically tracked. 
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This can help reduce necessary but repetitive work that can help make everyones life a little easier.

Provide Easier Methods To Share And Track Analysis

This is very specifically geared towards data scientist.

Data scientists will often do their work in Jupyter notebooks and Excel that they only have access to. In addition, many companies don’t enforce the need to use some form of repository like git so that data scientists can version control their work.

This limits the ability to share files as well as keep track of changes that can occur in one’s analysis over time. 

In this situation, collaboration becomes difficult because co-workers are often stuck passing files back and forth and self version controlling. Typically that looks like files with suffixes like _20190101_final, _20190101_finalfile…

For those of you who don’t get it, you hopefully never will have to.

On top of this, since many of these python scripts utilize multiple libraries it can be a pain to ensure that as you pip install all the correct versions onto your environment.
All of these small difficulties can honestly can cause the loss of a day or two due to trouble shoot depending on how complex the analysis is that you are trying to run.
However, there are plenty of solutions!

There are actually a lot of great tools out there that can help your data science teams collaborate. This includes companies like Domino Data Lab. 

Now, you can always use git and virtual environments as well, but this also demands that your data scientist be very proficient with said technologies. This is not always the case.

Again, this allows your teams to work independently but also share their work easily. 

Data Cultural Shift

Adding in new libraries and tools is not the only change that needs to happen when you are trying to create a company that is more data driven. A more important and much more difficult shift is cultural. 

Changing how people look and treat data is a key aspect that is very challenging. Here are a couple of reasons why.

Data Lies

For those who haven’t read the book, How To Lie With Statistics, spoiler alert, it is really easy to make numbers to tell the story you want.

There are a lot of ways you can do this.

A team can cherry pick the statistics they want to help their agenda triumph. Or perhaps a research team ignores confounding factors and reports on some statistic that seems to be shocking if you don’t consider all the other variables.

Being data driven as a company means that you need to develop a culture that attempts to look at statistics and metrics and ensures there isn’t anything interfering with the number. This is far from easy. When it comes to data science and analytics.
Most metrics and statistics often have some stipulations that could negate whatever message they are trying to say. That is why creating a culture that looks at a metric and asks why is part of the process. If it were as simple as just getting outputs and p-values. Then data scientists would be out of a job because there are plenty of third-party companies that have products that find the best algorithm and do feature selection for you.

But that is not the only job of a data scientist. They are there to question every p-value and really dig into the why of the number they are seeing.

Data Is Still Messy

Truth be told, data is still very messy. Even with todays modern ERPs and applications, data is messy and sometimes bad data gets through that can mislead managers an analysts.

This can be due to a lot of reasons. How the applications manage data, how system admins of those applications modified said system, etc. Even changes that seem insignificant from a business process side can majorly impact how data is stored.

In turn, when data engineers are pulling data they might not accurately be representing data because of bad assumptions and limited knowledge. 

This is why just having numbers is not good enough. Teams also need to have a good sense of the business and the process that create said data to ensure they don’t allow data that is messy into the tables which analysts use directly. 

Our perspective is that data analysts need confidence that the data they are looking at correctly represents their corresponding businesses processes. If analysts have to remove any data, or consistently perform joins and where clauses to accurately represent the business, then the data is not “self-service”. This is why, whenever data engineers create new data models, they need to work closely with the business to make sure the correct business logic is collected and represented in the base layer of tables.
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That way, analysts can have near 100% trust in their data.

Conclusion

At the end of the day, creating an effective data culture requires a both top down and bottom up shift in thinking. From the executive level, decisions need to be made in what key areas they can help make access to data easier. Then teams can start working at becoming more proficient at actually using data to make decisions. We often find most teams spend too much time working on data tasks that need to get done but could be automated. Improving your companies approach to data can provide a large competitive advantage and allow your analysts and data scientists the ability to work on projects they both enjoy and help your bottom line!

If you team needs data consulting help feel free to contact us! If you would like to read more posts about data science and data engineering, Check out the links below!

Using Python to Scrape the Meet-Up API
The Advantages Healthcare Providers Have In Healthcare Analytics
142 Resources for Mastering Coding Interviews
Learning Data Science: Our Top 25 Data Science Courses
The Best And Only Python Tutorial You Will Ever Need To Watch
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We recently posted some ideas for projects you could take on, to add to your resume and help you learn more about programming.
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One of those projects involved scraping the Meet-up and Eventbrite APIs to create an aggregate site of events.

This is a great project and it opens up the opportunity to take on several concepts. You could use this idea to make an alerting system — the user inputs their API keys to track local events they have an interest in. You could develop a site to predict which live acts will become highly popular, before they get there, by tracking metrics over time.

Honestly, the APIs give a decent amount of data, even to the point of giving you member names (and supposedly emails too, if the member is authenticated). It’s a lot of fun — you can use this data for the basis of your own site!

To StartTo start this project, break down the basic pieces you will need to build the backend. More than likely you will need:

• An API “Scraper”
• Database interface
• Operational database
• Data-warehouse (optional)
• ORM

To start out you will need to develop a scraper class. This class should be agnostic of the specific API call you’re making. That way, you can avoid having to make a specific class or script for each call. In addition, when the API changes, you won’t have to spend as much time going through every script to update every variable.

Instead, you’ll only need to go through and update the configurations.
That being said, we don’t recommend trying to develop a perfectly abstract class right away. Trying to build a perfectly abstracted class that has no hard-coded variables, from the beginning, can be difficult. If anything goes wrong or doesn’t work then it is harder to debug because of the layers of abstraction.

We’ll start by trying to develop pieces that work.

The first decision you need to make is where the scraper will be putting the data. We’re creating a folder structure in which each day has its own folder.

You could use a general folder on a server, S3, or a similar raw file structure. These offer the ability to easily store the raw data that we’re storing in a JSON file. Other data storage methods, like csv and tsv, are thrown off by the way the description data is formatted.

Let’s took a look at the basic script. Think about how you could start better configuring and refactoring the codebase to be better developed.

One place right off the bat is the API key. While you’re testing it’s easy to hard-code your own API key. But if your eventual goal is to allow multiple users to gain access to this data then you will want their API keys set up.

The next portion you will want to update is the hardcoded references to data you are pulling. This hard-coding limits the code to only work with one API call. One example of this is how we pull the different endpoints and reference what fields you would like to pull from what is returned.

For this example, we are just dumping everything in JSON. Perhaps you want to be very choosy — in that case, you might want to configure what columns are attached to each field.
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For example:

This allows you to create a scraper that is agnostic of which API event you will be using. It puts the settings outside the code, which can be easier to maintain.

For example, what happens if Meet-up changes the API endpoints or column names? Well, instead of having to go into 10 different code files you can just change the config file.

The next stage is creating a database and ETL, to load and store all the data, and a system that automatically parses the data from the JSON files into an operational style database. This database can be used to help track events that you might be interested in. In addition, creating a data warehouse could help track metrics.

Perhaps you’re interested in the rate at which events have people RSVP, or how quickly events get sold out.

Based on that you could analyze what types of descriptions or groups that quickly run out of slots.
Personally, there is a lot of fun analysis you could take on.

Over the next few weeks and months, we’ll be working to continue developing this project. This includes building a database, maybe doing some analysis, and more!

We hope you enjoyed this piece!

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Big data has moved from just being a buzzword to a necessity that executives need to figure out how to wrangle. 

Today the adoption of big data technologies and tools have witnessed significant growth with over 40% of organizations implementing big data as forecasted by Forrester, while IDC predicts that the big data and business analytics market is set to hit an all-time high of $274.3 billion in 2022 from $189.1 billion it’s expected to reach this year.

With this push for big data and big data analytics, finding the write system, best practices and data models that allow analysts and engineers access to the treasure troves of data can be difficult. Do you use traditional databases, columnar databases, or some other data storage system?
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Let’s start with the this discussion by comparing a traditional relational database to Hadoop(specifically Hadoop partnered with a layer like Presto or Hive). 

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​What is Apache Hadoop?
Hadoop is a distributed file system with an open-source infrastructure that allows for the distributing and processing of Big data sets.

Hadoop is designed to scale up from single servers to lots of machines, offering local storage and computation to each server. Apache Hadoop comes with a distributed file system and other components like Mapreduce (framework for parallel computation using a key-value pair), Yarn and Hadoop common (Java Libraries).

Presto 
Presto is a distributed SQL query engine that can be used to sit on top of data systems like HDFS, Hadoop, Cassandra, and even traditional relational databases. It allows analysts the ability to use the benefits of Hadoop with out having to understand the complexities and intricacies of what is going on underneath the hood. This allows engineers the ability to use abstractions such as tables to organize data in a more traditional data warehouse format.

What is Relational Database (DB)?
Relational DB is formed from a set of described tables from which data can be reassembled or assessed in various ways without needing to reorganize the entire database tables. I know this kind of sounds weird, but in its simplest form, RDB is the basics for all SQL as well as all database management systems like Microsoft SQL Server, Oracle and MySQL.
RDB can also be called RDBMS, which stands for Relational database management system. RDB is a database management system that works with a relational model. RDBMS is the evolution of all databases; it’s more like any typical database rather than a significant ban.

The Differences..

Data architecture and volume

Unlike RDBMS, Hadoop is not a database, but rather a distributed file system that can store and process a massive amount of data clusters across computers. However, RDBMS is a structured database approach in which data is stored in rows and columns which can be updated with SQL and presented in different tables. This structured approach of RDB limits its capability to store and process a large amount of data. So Hadoop, with Mapreduce or Spark can handle large volumes of data.

Data Variety
Data variety is typically referred to as the type of data processed. For now, we have three main types of data types; Structured, unstructured, and semi-structured. Relational DB can only manage and process structured and semi-structured data in a limited volume. RDB is limited in managing unstructured data. However, Hadoop leverages its ability to manage and process all of the above data types; structured, unstructured, and semi-structured data. As a matter of fact, Hadoop is now the fastest known method for managing and processing huge volumes of unstructured data

Datawarehouses And Hadoop
As stated earlier. Hadoop on it’s own isn’t a database. However, thanks to open source projects like Hive and Presto you can abstract the file system into a table like format that is accesible with SQL. 
This has allowed many companies to start switching over parts or all of their datawarehouses to Hadoop. 

Why?

It is for accessibility, and hopes for performance on cheaper machines. Whether or not this is actually working depends from company to company and data management team to data management team. 

Because although systems like hadoop promise better performance. There are a lot of downsides that don’t always get discussed.

​Weakness in RDBMS and Hadoop
“Before we get started, it’s going to seem as if I dislike Hadoop. This is not the case, I am just going to be pointing out some of the largest pitfalls and weaknesses.

Technical Abilities
We will get into the technical difficulties shortly. But before we cover the technical cons, we wanted to discuss the talent issue.

Both Hadoop and traditional relational databases require technical know how. Now, this might be up for debate, but generally speaking, most relational databases are arguably easier to use.
This is because there are so few moving pieces in comparison. With Hadoop you need to think about managing cluster, the Hadoop nodes, security, Presto or whatever interface you are using and really several other technically administrative tasks that take up lots of time and skill.

In comparison, most relation database systems like SQL Server or Oracle are “some what” more straightforward. Security is built in, performance tuning is built in and in most importantly, there is a larger talent pool of people who understand how to manage and use standard DBs.

Why do you think interfaces like Presto and Hive that are both very SQL like exist? It’s because data professionals needed a way to interface with Hadoop that was much more familiar.

So the biggest issue most companies face is not the complexity of Hadoop but the lack/cost of talent that can operate Hadoop correctly. 

Security issues
Unlike RDBMS, Hadoop faces a lot of security problems which can be challenging when managing complex applications. In fact, the original Hadoop releases had no authentication system set up under the assumption that the system would be running in a safe environment. 

More recent releases do have access and permissions, authentication and encryption modules. They aren’t that straight forward to use and usually require a decent amount of ramp up. This can make it difficult to support and scale if you are just using the Hadoop out of the box without any form of third-party like Hortonworks($$$). 

Functional Issues
Hadoop is designed with the concept of write once read many. Hadoop is not designed for write once and update many. So for data specialists who are used to have the ability to update, forget about it.

For those who aren’t into data modeling, the issue this causes might not be apparent right away. Nor is it all that exhilarating to understand…
But not being able to run an update statement limits a lot of modeling that can be beneficial from the perspective of data volume.

For example (we are about to go granular). Let’s say you want to track someone’s promotions in a company. Traditionally, in a RDMS you can simply track the employee_id, position and start and end date of said position. You don’t need to track all the days in between. When a position is switched you can update the end date, add a new row for that employee with a new position and the start date, leaving the end date null. It would look like the below.

This took two rows of data and we now have all the information required.

In comparison, there are a couple of ways you could store this data using Presto to save similar information

One method is to store a person’s position every day in a date partition. The downside here is you will essentially need a row for everyday the person was in said position. The problem here is you will be storing a massive amount of data. If you have 10,000 employees, that is 10,000 rows daily.

Another method would be to use a similar data model as the RDBMS. That is only have one row for every employee_id and position combination with a start and end date. However, using this method will only work if you have access to the previous days information. This is a limiting factor. 

In the end, you are probably storing much more data than is really necessary and or performing a lot of transactions that are unneeded. The point here is that although Hadoop can provide some advantages, it’s not always the best tool.

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​Solving The Balanced Bracket Problem

One of the common questions we get when it comes to learning how to program, is: “What are some good ideas for projects to build?”

Now, we hear the common cliche answers often, like “build a chess game” or “command line interface”. There is nothing wrong with these answers.

However, we think these examples don’t match modern programming needs. A big portion of modern software is SaaS and web apps. This means you need to know how to program online.
There are a lot more complexities that go into programming a website, or app, that has users, requires servers, authentication, and databases. This forces you to interact with technologies you’ll never need when developing a command line tic-tac-toe game.

Some of this can also be managed by AWS and other third parties that are commonly used by large corporations. Again, exposing you to technologies that are useful and heavily used in industry. This will be far more practical on a resume, as well as help you learn how to use new technologies.

Tip: If you pick a complex project, then focus on building one feature at a time. Building an entire website or app all at once is difficult. Start by building a login page, or maybe the main landing page after the user logs in.If you try to take on the whole project at once then you will likely fail.

Entertainment

1. A web scraper that posts top 10 blogs without human intervention

One of the issues we find with some project recommendation posts, is thatthey recommend projects that aren’t implemented in a way that excites the programmer to continue development. For instance, I see that a lot of people recommend building a web scraper.
Once you’ve built that web scraper and scraped the data, what are you going to do with it?

Instead of just scraping the data, why not build a website with that data. It doesn’t have to be fancy or get a lot of views. This scraper could pull the data into a database and then select the most popular posts. From there it could copy the title, along with a few sentences, and then create a post that it shares online. This would be an impressive and simple project that you can actually show off.
You’ve now shown that you can do more than just code a small segment of a system. Instead, you can think through an entire system. You need to consider how you are going to automate the process, manage the database, create the website and select the posts. This also allows you to actually have a tangible end product.

Without a tangible end product, it’s really easy to become unmotivated and simply stop at only a web scraper.

In addition, you never know, maybe your site will become popular!

Skills: Database, web scraper, automation, web development (for the blog), and general programming.

2. An event-alert system using Meetup and Eventbrite APIs

Have you ever wanted to go to a band or comedian show, but realized it was last week? Maybe there was a free conference in your area on data science or big data and you missed out because you forgot to check.

Why not make your own aggregator using the Meetup and Eventbrite APIs, that will warn you when keywords are in event descriptions or titles? Now, I assume both Meetup and Eventbrite have similar options. But it is always fun to try to build your own system.

You can customize the system to work the way you want, and maybe even allow other people to make their own alerts by making this a website. What we enjoy about this project is that you can practice working with two different APIs. This will allow you to compare and contract what you like and dislike about them. That way, if you’re ever in charge of building an API, you’ll have a better picture of what works and what doesn’t.

Skills: APIs, database, automation, web development, and general programming.

3. A 9GAG copy cat

You don’t always need to try to reinvent the wheel when creating your own projects. Simple projects like a site that lets you login, post photos, GIFs, and lets you scroll through a feed, provides an opportunity to create a solid base site first. Then you can add lots of interesting features like following, liking, and search. Search in particular would be a great chance to learn how recommendation systems and machine learning work!

It’s always fun to try and replicate popular sites. In fact, it is actually a great way to learn because you have to reverse-engineer each feature. Reverse engineering is a great skill, because as a software engineer you will constantly be maintaining other people’s code and you will need to get in their heads.

Skills: Machine learning (for recommendation system), database, automation, web development, and general programming.

Retail Type Sites

4. A gift recommendation app

Have you ever struggled to find the right gift for your friend? What if you could create a website that helps to predict what to buy a friend for a gift. It could allow the end user to either create an account or just get a gift recommendation.

Again, this allows for the opportunity to create an account which requires authentication, database development, etc.

Also, another great part about this project is you can use Amazon’s API for affiliate links. This will allow you to do a few things. One, learn about how to use APIs and get you comfortable with reading API documentation. Two, if you do it well, you can get a commission for each product someone buys.

This project also has an opportunity to try to create a basic machine learning model. You can create a quiz of sorts that tries to figure out what the best gift is and then, based on if people click the gift or not, can drive the model to learn based on the response rate.

Skills: APIs, database, general programming, and app development.

5. A site for bartering and trading

Think OfferUp, but instead of money, why not create a website that only allows trades. This concept will force you to develop several features that need some thought. You won’t be able to just attack this project without a plan.

How will people post, where will people find recently posted items and how will people search. All of these are separate features you can build. In addition, you need to think how users will interact, and maybe even how they actually make the trade.

The idea doesn’t have to be 100% practical for real life — it needs to be practical in the sense of improving your skill set as a programmer.

Skills: Database, web development, general programming, and app development (if you choose to make it an app).

B2B

6. Invoice and contract management system

Contract and invoice management are very complex processes. Contracts can have a lot of nuanced clauses and stipulations that can be difficult to track.

This makes this a very good project, even if you simplify it to some of its core components. Having to translate a complex business process into software is not easy. But it is what makes this project a good challenge.

Again, we wouldn’t overcomplicate this. Take a basic feature, like inputting the terms of a contract, and develop this part first. Then you can add other features like invoice tracking, contract analytics and forecasting.

Skills: Process management, database, web development, and general programming.

7. Task management system

Task boards like KanbanFlow are built with several modular features that make it a great project to play around with. It will take a little work to get started, as you will need to set up a UI that is robust and dynamic as well. In fact, this project would be more of a two person job. One person to work on the front end and another person to work on the back end.

Don’t let that discourage you! This is actually a chance for you to work on your communication and team work skills. You will need to talk through designs to make sure you both fully understand it, and you know where your modules will be connecting.
This is always more challenging than it seems.

Skills: Communication, front end, database, web development, and general programming.

8. A job board

Any project that forces you to allow users to input as various types of users adds an interesting design aspect. How will you ensure that the way employers experience the site meets their needs vs. prospecting job searchers? Like most of the other projects, you don’t need to focus on all of it at once. Start out by trying to create the ability to create a job posting first. Then you can go and focus on the job searchers and how they respond.

Skills: Database, web development, and general programming.

9. A website that forecasts profits based on standardized data sets

There are a lot of data sets that are very standardized for most companies. This includes accounting data which is usually based on cost centers, accounts, line descriptions, and finally the actual transaction cost.
What is great about the standardization of any data set, is that it makes it easy to create analytics on top of said data sets. Why not create a standardized dashboard that can help companies predict spend, see monthly outgoings, and possibly help them improve their spending.
For this project you will probably have to spend a lot of time learning about how to make sure you keep your data secure. Of course, we recommend first trying to build the modules that focus on uptaking and standardizing the data and displaying it, before you go too deep into security. That’s a rabbit hole you may never escape!
Skills: Forecasting, business logic, database, web development, and general programming

Game Ideas

10. Snake

If you had a cellphone in the early 2000s, you’ve probably played Snake. It’s a simple game but you can always try to make things more complex! First, start by just trying to make the game.
This will require you to figure out how to develop a game online. This neon Snake by Sebastian Opperman is a great place to start. But after that, maybe you can add some cool new features like special items or special powers.

This would be a chance to play around and have fun. This project won’t be as technical from the stand point of having lots of users that sign up and use your site. However, it is a good challenge to figure out how to make a game run online.

Skills: Web development, general programming, and UI

We do hope this list inspires you to create an awesome new project that you can add to your resume and talk about in interviews. Maybe we’ll see you as the next CEO of a billion dollar startup!

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In the past few weeks, we have watched Tableau be purchased by Salesforce for 15.7 billion dollars and Looker for 2.7 billion dollars by Google.
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Why are these companies so valuable?

Why are so many companies willing to pay for the services that Tableau and Looker provide?
The truth is dashboards can be expensive wastes of time and resources or they can provide insights that are worth exponentially more than the original investment. In fact, creating dashboards is a very lucrative business.

I worked for a company whose business model revolved around selling dashboards and insights to external customers. We only had four dashboard products. That was it, and yet, this company has existed for over a decade.

This is because they were really good at creating dashboards that provided impact continuously. These weren’t dashboards that you use for a month or two and forgot about. Instead, the dashboards they created were concise, clear and helped directors make decisions quickly.
They were able to do this by creating dashboards that followed a few basic principles. We wanted to share some of these basic tips below. Who knows, maybe your team will build the next million dollar dashboard.

Don’t Bury the Lede

When developing a dashboard, you need to first entice your audience with a high-level metric. This could be the total amount of money lost in insurance fraud for the year, a ranking that highlights how well a company is doing, or perhaps a trio of specific metrics.
The point of these high-level metrics is to pique interest. It needs to capture the audience and force them to ask questions and keep digging deeper into the dashboard.
Specifically, you want them to ask questions like why is the number so high or low and what are the factors driving this number?
Let’s walk through an example (see the dashboard below):

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This dashboard is actually pretty well done. It is clean and provides very succinct information.

However, there is no initial draw. There is no distinct sign of whether the company’s income is bad or good.

So why should I be interested? I don’t really have any questions off the top of my head because I wasn’t primed to do so by any driving metric or dollar figure.

Having the dollar amount that depicts how far off target the net-income is in the top-left corner along with the percentage would have been a good design decision. This set of numbers would drive me to ask the right questions. Specifically, why is the net profit above or below what is expected?
This would then drive the end-reader to look into the charts below. Net profit exists on this dashboard, but it is hidden in the corner. Essentially burying the lead.
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The most important information should be prioritized to the top of the dashboard.

​​Focus on Substance and Style

Creating a great dashboard is like working as a chef in fine dining.
If you focus too much on the aesthetics and not on flavor, your food will taste terrible. If you put no focus on aesthetics, your customers won’t see the value in your $50 salmon and carrots dish.
It can be tempting to create very flashy dashboards with all the bells and whistles. Similar to the way it was tempting in the early 2000s to throw foams, spheres, and gels on every dish in the fine dining world.

But bells and whistles don’t tell a story.

They can accentuate it, but they can also distract the end-user and make it more difficult to make a clear decision.

So focusing too much on style will hinder rather than help.

​On the flip side, presentation is important too. Presentation can entice an end-user to pay attention, even if you have bad data. For example, let’s look at this beautiful dish below.

Created by @chefjacqueslamerde on Instagram…wait…thats just celery, peanut butter, and raisins…
But, somehow, it looks like so much more. Even bad data can sometimes be forgiven by a beautiful dashboard (this is not encouraging bad data!).

We are trying to accentuate the fact that design plays a role in how we perceive information.

As data professionals, we can sometimes focus solely on the numbers and metrics. Numbers alone don’t capture peoples interest the same way it might capture ours. Capturing peoples attention is where design principals come into play.

Again, if we look at the net income dashboard, it is clean and has a very simple style. It is pretty clear to get what is going on in each chart. Often people assume that having lots of bells and whistles make a beautiful dashboard.

It is actually usually the opposite. Keeping a dashboard simple with only the data required makes the message clearer. If you have too much going on you muddy the message and could confuse the end-user.

It’s almost like a dashboard’s UX should be treated like a website’s UX.

Don’t Hide Too Much Behind Interactions

We have mentioned a lot about avoiding bells and whistles because they often deteriorate the message you are trying to tell with a dashboard.

One more specific feature most dashboards allow for are filters and tool-tips. These are great in some ways until you put too much information behind them.

Requiring too many interactions from an end-user to get to data could dilute the message you are trying to depict.

Rule of thumb: If you can’t print your dashboard and tell your same story, then you have too much information hidden behind tooltips and filters.

One example of this is providing one too many filters that might interact with varying widgets on your dashboard. This forces the end-user to need to flip through multiple states of each widget to get the message you are trying to tell them.

Sometimes our desire to over-inform only further hinders the message.Dashboards are about prioritization of information. You should only be showing the most important information that can help an executive make a clear decision.

Most directors will want lots of options to slice and dice the data, but that doesn’t mean that you should do it. Too many interactions may push them to continually analyze new configurations of filters vs. making a decision. This means you will have to push back for a better design.

Provide Context

When you create dashboards you can often create them in vacuums. Teams often create dashboards or metrics and don’t realize that other companies or teams might not know what is going on. Especially when you start to create custom metrics.
This is why we recommend providing context for the metrics, the dashboard purposes, and the axes.

The metrics
Regardless if you assume your metrics are well known or esoteric. Defining what the metric represents in a clear and concise manner benefits everyone. This also forces teams to use metrics that are easy enough to explain to an end-user. Some teams might create super complex models to calculate metrics, but this often abstracts the value a metric can have. Instead, you should focus on simple metrics that you can explain to anyone.

If you can’t understand a metric, you can’t make decisions.

The dashboard’s purpose
The first time an end-user experiences a dashboard, they might not know why they are looking at it. Putting together a few sentences of what a user is looking at can help better frame their understanding. In many ways, you should strive to not require a summary, but it’s always good to have. Similar to documentation with code.

Good code should require little documentation, but that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t document your code! Always document everything.

The axes
How you define the axes isn’t always straight-forward. You want just enough tick marks that end-users can understand what the line charts and bar charts mean, but you don’t want so many ticks that it is confusing. This comes down to good judgment. For instance, when you are using a sparkline, you will often limit the tick marks, but if it is a main line chart, you will probably provide more context along each axis.

The Devil is in the Details

High-level metrics usually provide the “what” but not the “why”.

The high-level metrics push users to look for answers.

What is driving the high-level numbers like net profits?

Thus, the next level of your dashboard should help answer these questions.

This means you need to look at the top metric and think about what questions an end-user might have looking at it. At this step in your dashboard development process you should try listing out what questions you would have as an end-user. It is helpful to have a member or two of your team who hasn’t seen the dashboard yet write out their questions. That way you have a fresh pair of eyes.
Based on these questions you can start to create secondary dashboards that provide the required insights.

Tableau has a great feature called actions. This can allow you to create easy drill-downs that go to more detail specific dashboards.

The goal here is to provide high-level metrics and low-level details that can help directors make concrete decisions.

Conclusion

These are a few great tips we have learned from working for a company whose sole purpose was creating dashboards to provide value to external customers. We hope it helps you create amazing dashboards that can create value for your company. Remember to focus on creating dashboards that don’t bury the lede and allow directors to make good decisions easily. That is how you make a million dollar dashboard.

To contrast, too many bells and whistles and poorly designed dashboards can lead to bad decisions or no decisions.

If you have any questions feel free to send them our way!


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Software engineers spend a lot of time gaining skills for interviews by practicing leet code problems and perfecting resumes.
Once they finally get that job at a start-up, Google, Amazon or another corporation you might find the skills they used to get the job don’t tend to match the ones you need in your everyday work.
Our team was inspired by the 7 skills of highly effective programmers created by the TechLead and wanted to provide our own take on the topic.
Here are our 7 skills of effective programmers.

Read the rest here!

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Have You Ever Wanted To Read About What Goes On In The Backend of Pinterest, Google, Uber and your other favorite tech companies?

A great thing about the modern engineering world is that many companies are much more open about their solutions they have developed. Companies like Google, Chef, Facebook, Lyft, Uber and more, all post about some of the designs and tools they have recently developed

This can act as a lure to attract talent, advertisement for B2B customers and another avenue to build brand awareness. It also provides insights into creative solutions for big data, machine learning, data science and programming problems.

If you are lacking inspiration or just need an interesting read, then consider checking out these blogs!

Quora Engineering Blog
​
Quora has been a great place to go for very diverse engineering blog posts. They discuss NLP, big data, machine learning and almost every other buzzword. That is because Quora’s site needs to deal with a very diverse set of NLP problems. There are so many plausible subjects and questions that finding good questions to show to the write people requires a lot of interesting solutions.
Engineering at Quora

Read More Here!

Uber Engineering Blog

​Despite all the business and ethical scandals the Uber has gone through in the past few years. Uber’s engineering blog is a personal favorite. Uber, unlike many other tech companies operates in the real world. That is to say, they have to deal with real world logistical problems. They deal with real-time issues, GIS, pricing, safety of both drivers and passengers and so many other complexities that they are forced to be clever. This leads to some interesting posts!

Read More Here!

Databricks Blog

This blog does border on the side of somewhat salesy. But, if you are a Databrix fan and use it on a daily basis, then you might as well get some ideas for how you could be using Databrix better!

Read More Here!

Pinterest Engineering Blog

One of our other favorite blogs is Pinterest. Pinterest post’s a lot of great infrastructure blogs that we really enjoy reading. For instance, they recently posted Optimizing Kafka for the cloud. In this post they do a great job of describing the problem and their solution. This can help inspire you when you come up to a similar problem!

Read More Here!

Netflix Engineering Blog

Have you ever wondered how one of your favorite media distribution companies manages to stream so much data to your TV, Laptop and other surfaces? Think about it, Netflix and Youtube make up a bulk of the data flowing through the internet. Imagine how well of a system needs to be designed to make sure you get your Stranger Things uninterrupted at the right time!

Read More Here!

​Google, Facebook and Amazon’s Research Blogs

Companies like Amazon, Google and Facebook spend a good amount on research every year. Imagine if you could get a glimpse of what these times were looking into. Well with the blogs below you can read into what Google, Facebook and Amazon are researching.

Google Research 

Facebook Research

Amazon Research 

The BlackRock Engineering Blog

Have you ever heard of BlackRock? Some of you have, others probably haven’t Wherever you stand, BlackRock is the world’s largest Asset’s Manager. It has over $6.5 Trillion under management. A company with this much capital has to spend a lot of time developing better products. Especially with Fin-tech companies banging the down the doors!

Read More Here!

Lyft Engineering Blog

We already shared Uber’s engineering blog, now it is time to mention the other recent IPO ride sharing services blog. It is similar to Uber. However, we find it a little more focused on soft-skills compared to Uber. There is nothing wrong with that, we just tend to really enjoy reading the engineering focused blogs.

Read More Here!

Salesforce Developer Blog

If you work for any large company, then chances are you use salesforce. This means your company probably needs to pulls from Salesforce’s API. That means it is important to keep up to date with what new tools Salesforce is releasing as well as any changes you might need to keep up to date. Similar to Databricks, this blog is more for people who use or are thinking of purchasing Salesforce.

Read More Here!


Other Great Data Science And Engineering Resources!
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How Algorithms Can Become Unethical and Biased

In our last post, we discussed getting a goal from high-level stakeholders and making sure it comes to you as a clear and concise statement or one pager.

This makes it easier for data engineers and product developers to see why they are creating what they are creating.
​
So in this step, we will be discussing the data source as well as starting our discussion on the value of designing prototypes. These topics are somewhat hinged on each other. The prototype can only represent metrics based on your data source.
​

​Prototyping

Design a prototype is a key step in developing any product. Now, in this case, I am referring to purely a design and not an MVP. The prototype doesn’t need to be at all functional. Instead, it is more of a tool used to sell to executives. This good is a fake report with somewhat accurate numbers, a set of slides that demonstrate how an application could work, etc. The point is to have something your audience can see and can visualize using. This will help you sell your final product, even before you have it. Oddly enough…this can be more valuable than your actual technical work because if you can’t sell an idea to your stakeholders, it won’t be picked up.

How much time you spend on developing your prototype can also depend on your company culture as well as what the companies focus is. If the company’s focus is to create analytics to sell to other companies, then they will spend a lot of time on prototyping (or at least, they should).

This is because they have to convince the company to continue paying for the product for years to come. Also, if your company is very rigorous when it comes to developing internal tools, then you again, might spend a lot of time designing and prototyping.

However, there are many companies that will draw up a dashboard on a whiteboard and call that the prototype. There is nothing wrong with that, but the final product might not have the same buy-in. This eventually leads to the final product being forgotten quickly. When the stakeholders are forced to be brought into parts of the process, and also forced to dedicate time to it(as long as the product has a clear impact) they will continue to use the tool after it is finished because they will feel more attached as well as understand the product better.

This isn’t a fact that I could quote, or provide research on, but I have at least seen it anecdotally to be true. When the end-users weren’t forced to put time into thinking about the product, they can easily dismiss it in the future. This, in turn, wastes the time of the engineers and the resources of the company.

Prototyping is a key step in the case. It helps crystallize what exactly the data engineers are trying to create and the impact it will have. In addition, it forces the stakeholders to own more than just the concept of the product.

The limitation of what the prototype can be when referring to data products and algorithms is the data source, which will talk about next.

Read The Rest Here

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Our team has collected several posts on learning data science. These posts will cover courses, books, and youtube videos. We hope they can help you on your journey.

​25 OF THE BEST DATA SCIENCE COURSES ONLINE

Bootcamps and Specializations

1. Introduction to Probability and Data

This course introduces you to sampling and exploring data, as well as basic probability theory and Bayes’ rule. You will examine various types of sampling methods, and discuss how such methods can impact the scope of inference. A variety of exploratory data analysis techniques will be covered, including numeric summary statistics and basic data visualization. You will be guided through installing and using R and RStudio (free statistical software), and will use this software for lab exercises and a final project. The concepts and techniques in this course will serve as building blocks for the inference and modeling courses in the Specialization.

Take The Course

2. Full Statistics Courses

In this Specialization, you will learn to analyze and visualize data in R and create reproducible data analysis reports, demonstrate a conceptual understanding of the unified nature of statistical inference, perform frequentist and Bayesian statistical inference and modeling to understand natural phenomena and make data-based decisions, communicate statistical results correctly, effectively, and in context without relying on statistical jargon, critique data-based claims and evaluated data-based decisions, and wrangle and visualize data with R packages for data analysis.

Take The Courses

3. The Data Scientist’s Toolbox

In this course you will learn how to program in R and how to use R for effective data analysis. You will learn how to install and configure software necessary for a statistical programming environment and describe generic programming language concepts as they are implemented in a high-level statistical language. The course covers practical issues in statistical computing which includes programming in R, reading data into R, accessing R packages, writing R functions, debugging, profiling R code, and organizing and commenting R code. Topics in statistical data analysis will provide working examples.

Take The Courses

Read More Here

LEARNING DATA SCIENCE: OUR FAVORITE DATA SCIENCE BOOKS

In data science, there are many topics to cover, so we wanted to focused on several specific topics. This post will cover books on python, R programming, big data, SQL and just some generally good reads for data scientists.

Data Science Books

As a data scientist, you have a very important role. Your goal is to provide your company insights into improving the companies bottom or top line. The problem is, we can make data say anything we want. It can be very easy to manipulate data to prove that our feature was effective and it can be tempting if the company incentivizes that type of behavior.

Thus, a great general read for data scientists (and really anyone in our modern world) is Naked Statistics.

This is kind of like the much older book How To Lie With Statistics which you can read for free.

We do prefer Naked Statistics because it is a little more modern and covers much more complex statistical debauchery than its much older counterpart. It just goes to show you that numbers are at your whim and you have a lot of responsibility to make sure your numbers are right. If something seems amiss with your data…it probably is. Rather than reporting it out right away, think about how you might unknowingly be miss representing the facts.

Another similar book is Everybody Lies: Big Data, New Data, and What the Internet Can Tell Us About Who We Really Are.

LEARNING DATA SCIENCE: OUR FAVORITE RESOURCES FROM FREE TO NOT

Data science has many facets. Statistics, data cleansing, programming, system design and really…almost anything else data related depending on how large the company is.

This post will discuss our favorite resources for these topics. Now, most of these courses and books are primers for topics like statistics, Python and data science in general. They really will only provide the base knowledge. At the end of the day, real practical experience is one for the few things that will really train your data science knowledge. You should learn as much as you can from these resources and then apply for as many internships and entry-level positions as possible and study for interviews.

You will learn much more and gain more than just technical knowledge. You will also gain a lot of business experience.

Free Statistics Courses

Let’s start with, learning/reviewing basic statistical concepts. Many of you have probably taken a statistics course or two in college. But you might not remember everything clearly so it’s a good idea to review from the beginning.

It can be tempting to try to start taking on complex statistical concepts and models. But most algorithms and models require some sort of accuracy and hypothesis testing. This means you actually need to be able to understand concepts like p-test vs at-value, z-statistics vs t-statistics, ROC vs AUC., random variables, etc.

These all seem like basic concepts and maybe you kind of remember these words. However, we find they often get forgotten as many of us focus more on learning how to implement models in python and R vs basic statistics. Although both of these concepts do not necessarily rely on each other. You can start to assume you understand what the p-value means when you run models in either language without fully grasping the importance of it.

Statistics Courses

1. Khan Academy
This is why we recommend at least going back and walking through the Khan Academy statistics section. They cover concepts like Hypothesis testing, T-statistics vs Z-Statistics, Confidence Intervals, etc.

Khan is always a good place to start because the videos are a great combination of visual and audio examples.

Personally, there aren’t too many books we like when it comes to pure statistics. In the R programming section of this resource list, we will reference our favorite R + Statistics book.

2. Duke University On Coursera
For a full course that are free you can try Duke Universities Statistics Course. This is actually several courses that cover multiple types of statistics like classical vs Bayesian. These are two different methods that are worth looking into.
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Python Videos, Books And Courses

Python is an interesting topic. The thing about python is there are so many plausible sub-sections of the programming language. For instance, when we prepare for interviews we always like to clarify which type of python questions we will be dealing with. Will we be asked questions that focus on concepts that are operational, analytical, optimization based, algorithms and data structures or possibly data science algorithms. All of these are different topics that have different styles of interview questions. Getting a question on how to traverse a binary tree is very different from having to implement a decision tree algorithm.

As a data scientist, typically you will benefit from the analytical and operational aspects of python. The operational portion will provide you with the ability to automate the boring stuff (<-3. as the cliche book is titled).

This book is great for really…any data focused person. Data scientists, business analysts, Business Intelligence Engineers, and Database developers all can benefit from automation. Now, you don’t need to use python, if you’re in a windows environment there is PowerShell Linux has to bash. Learning some form of scripting language helps improve your workflow and design thinking.​
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​OUR FAVORITE PYTHON BOOKS, COURSES AND YOUTUBE VIDEOS

Python is a common language that is used by both data engineers and data scientists. This is because it can automate the operational work that data engineers need to do and has the algorithms, analytics, and data visualization libraries required by data scientist.

In both rolls, the need to manage, automate and analyze data is made easier by only a few lines of code. So much so that one of the books we have read and seen in many data focused practitioners libraries in the book Automate The Boring Stuff With Python.
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The book covers python basics and some simple automation tips. This is especially good for business analysts who work heavily in Excel.
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There are also books by O’Reilly that are also a great overview of the basics.

Read More Here

​Are You Interested In Learning About Data Science Or Tech?
Learning Data Science: Our Favorite Data Science Books
What Is Data Science Really As Told By An Ex-FAANG Data Scientist
How Algorithms Can Become Unethical and Biased
How To Load Multiple Files With SQL
How To Develop Robust Algorithms
Dynamically Bulk Inserting CSV Data Into A SQL Server
4 Must Have Skills For Data Scientists
SQL Best Practices — Designing An ETL Video

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